BIOLOGA DE LA REPRODUCCI6N DE TRES ESPECIES DEL GENERO LONICERA (CAPRIFOLIACEAE) EN LA SIERRA DE CAZORLA par PEDRO JORDANO * Resumen JORDANO, P. (1990). Biologia de Ia reproducci6n de tres especies del genera Lonicera (Caprifoliaceae) en Ia Sierra de Cazorla. Analesjard. Bot. Madrid 48(1): 31-52. Se exponen observaciones b‡sicas sabre biolog’a floral y fructificaci—n de tres especies de madreselvas (Lonicera arborea Boiss., L. etTusca G. Santi y L. splendida Baiss., Caprifoliaceae) en las sierras de Cazarla y Segura (JaŽn). La palinizaci—n es diurna, realizada par abejorros y abejas, en L. arborea; y predominantemente crepuscular y nacturna, par esf’ngidos, en L. etrusca y L. splendida. Las tres especies son muy nectar’feras; L. arborea secreta en promedio 1,7 I par flor y dia, con una concentraci—n del 40,2%; L. etrusca y L. splendida producen 2,8 y 4,6 I, con concentraciones de 23,5 y 19,6%, respectivamente. Las visitantes de las flores de la primera especie son en su mayor’a Bombus terrestris y Apis mellifera (99% de las visitas), y los esfingidos (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) predominan en las dos œItimas (76,7 y 60,4% de las visitas); en Žstas, las abejas y abejorros actœan coma "ladrones" de nŽctar, perforando Ia base de Ia corola. El porcentaje media de flores robadas por planta fue de 34,2% [10,1-75,6] para L. etrusca y de 18,2% [3,6-48,8%] para L. splendida. En las tres especies aument— significativamente Ia fructificaci—n y Ia producci—n de semillas tras la polinizaci—n xen—gama respecto a los cruces geiton—gamos o al control (polinizaci—n libre). Solo en L. arborea se registr— producci—n de frutos en ausencia de polinizadores (autogamia). En las tres especies los frutos de las polinizaciones xen—gamas produjeron m‡s semillas que las resultantes de Ia geitonogamia. L. arborea no mostr— diferencias significativas en el peso de frutos a de semillas resultantes de estos tratamientos, pero en L. splendida y L. etrusca los frutos y semillas tras Ia xenogamia resultaran de mayor peso, aunque este efecto fue debido a las diferencias en nœmero de semillas por fruto y no a un efecto directo del tratamiento. Palabras clave: Palinizaci—n, fructificaci—n, tama–o de semillas, Bombus Sphingidae, Caprifoliaceae, Lonicera, robo de nŽctar, nŽctar, Abstract JORDANO, P. (1990). Reproductive biology of three species of genus Lonicera (Caprifoliaceae) in the Sierra de Cazorla. Anales Jard. BOL Madrid 48(1): 31-52 (in Spanish). The first data on flower biology and breeding systems of three species of honeysuckle (Lonicera arborea Boiss., L. etrusca G. Santi and L. splendida Boiss.) are reported for populations in the Sierra de Cazorla y Segura (JaŽn province, Spain). L. arborea is predominantly pollinated during the day by bumblebees (Bombus spp., Xylocopa spp. and Psithyrus vestalis, 70.1 % of visits) and honeybees (28.3 % of the visits recorded), while L. etrusca arsd L. splendida are pollinated during the evening and night by spbingid moths (76.7 and 60.4% of visits, respectively). Bees are nectar robbers in these two species with long tubular corollas. Percentage of flowers damaged by nectar thieves averaged, per plant, 34.2% [10.1-75.6] for L. etrusca and 18.2% [3.6-48.8%] for L. splendida. Flowers of L. arborea last 4 days, with the stigma being receptive during the first and second day; anthers dehisce on the second day of anthesis. Nectar production in this species peaks in the second and third days. Flowers of both L. etrusca and L. splendida open approximately 1 h before dusk; the stigma is receptive an the first and second nights and anther dehiscence occurs on the second day. Maximum nectar secretion for bath species was recorded during the first night of anthesis. Nectar secretion by L. arborea amounts to 1.7 ~ per flower/day with 40.2% disaccharide sugarcancentration while the other two species secrete 2.8 and 4.6 ~ with concentration of 23.5 and 19.6%, respectively. Seed set increased significantly after crossed (xenogamous) pallinatians (57-95% of flowers) relative to geitonagamous crossings (18-29%) or controls. L. arborea was the only species setting fruits with pollinators excluded. Xenogamous pollinations resulted in greater weights of fruits and seeds far L. etrusca and L. splendida because of the increased number of seed set but not as a result of the treatment itself. Xenogamaus crossings resulted in significant increases in number of seeds per fruit for the three species. Results suggest a dichotomy of pollination systems within the genus among the sections Caprifolium (long-tubed corollas) and Lonicera (short-tubed carallas), strongly associated with other differences in growth patterns, geographic distribution and habitat occupancy. Key words: Pollination, breeding system, seed size, Bombus, Sphingidae, Caprifoliaceae, Lonicera, nectar robbing, nectar. DIET, FRUIT CHOICE AND VARIATION IN BODY CONDITION OF FRUGIVOROUS WARBLERS IN MEDITERRANEAN SCRUBLAND PEDRO JORDANO Estaci6n Biol—gica de Dan ana, Apdo. 1056, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain Received 25 October 1987, revised 23 March 1988 Ardea 76 (1988): 193-209 6. SUMMARY The frugivorous diets of Blackcaps and Garden Warhlers in Mediterranean shrubland, determined by faecal analysis, are described. Variation in fruit consumption is related to the fruit supply and the relation with body mass and fat accumulation is examined. The overall diet was highly similar in the two study years but the rankings of the fruit species consumed in the same month of different years differed, suggesting that birds were adjusting the diet to variations in phenology and fruiting intensity. Regression analysis showed that fruit availability was the main factor correlated with fruit consumption. Both warbler species selected fruits with high energy-value and showed negative responses to fruit size only in the year when fruit supply was exceptionally high. Both species selected a small subset of the possible combinations of fruits (meals), including a large fraction of one or two major fruit species and small amounts of several minor species or insects. Meals of several fruit species were consumed more frequently than expected under the hypothesis of random and independent assortment of component fruits. Minor fruit species were consumed more frequently than expected from their relative availability. Pulp of minor fruits was significantly higher in minerals than the pulp of majors, that characteristically showed a higher energy content. Alkaloids were more frequently present in minor species. Both the accumulation of fat and body mass gain between recaptures of ringed birds were negatively correlated with the amount of fruit in their diet. A simulation of the diet under the premise of a total reliance on fruit food showed that warblers eating only fruits should obtain significantly reduced amounts of protein and minerals but increased energy income. Inclusion of minor amounts of insect prey dramatically increased the protein yield of the meals and this may be necessary to increase body mass and fattening. The implications of these patterns of dietary variation and fruit choice on plant seed dispersal are discussed.