******************************** FRUBASE PACKAGE ****************************** VERSION 4.0. DEC 2007. THE FRUBASE PACKAGE ACCOMPANIES: Jordano, P. 1995. Angiosperm fleshy fruits and seed dispersers: a comparative analysis of adaptation and constraints in plant-animal interactions. American Naturalist 145: 163-191. It contains a copy of the main data file exactly as used for this paper, as well as other accompanying files (see below). Taxonomic arrangement follows: Cronquist, A. (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press. Nomenclature follows Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 8, June 2007. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/. This scheme follows: A.P.G. [= Angiosperm Phylogeny Group] II. 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 141: 399-436. Plant names and names of higher taxonomic categories have been checked with: Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Please, contact me if you have suggestions, find errors, inconsistencies, or any other bug in the file. As well, please let me know about your uses of this data and send manuscripts and reprints when available. Ill be happy to help you in any case, as far as I can. I am periodically updating this data base since I started writing my PhD thesis more than 20 years ago. Thus, Id like to receive suggestions for new data sources and provide updated versions to those interested. Please, use these data files for peaceful purposes, enjoy doing science with them as I have enjoyed writing the paper quoted above, and learn as much as you can with them. They are the result of splendid work by many people working with plant-frugivore interactions and are embedded in papers reporting very interesting results, descriptions and discussions on these interactions; please read them. ********************************** CONTENTS *********************************** All files are plain ASCII text files, with the exception of SUMMARY and FRUBASE.xls. Those with data have TABs as their field delimiters so they can be readily imported in any statistical package or spreadsheet program. The FRUBASE.txt is readily imported by any spreadsheet application. Please, contact me if you need the files formatted in other ways (e.g., my original SAS datasets, or EXCEL worksheets). 1. README.txt - This file. Including a description of the variables and a listing of the literature sources with the numeric codes. 2. Summary.doc - A summary file (originally intended to appear as an Appendix in my 1995 paper) summarizing mean values for the main families and genera in the data base. This is a Microsoft WORD (version 6.0) file, which can be read directly either by the Mac or Windows versions of the program. 3. REFS.txt - A long list with the source reference used for each species in the data file. The file is TAB delimited and has a header line with variable names: FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES, NEWREF, and REFERENCE (authors and year). 4. FRUBASE.txt - The data file itself. Missing data are indicated by dots (.). The file is TAB delimited and has a header line with variable names as in the list below. The file is sorted by FAMILY, GENUS, and SPECIES names, in ascending order. 5. FRUBASE.xls - The data file itself, now in Excel format for spraedsheets. See (4). ******************************************************************************* Variable names and descriptions in FRUBASE CL Class SCL SubClass ORD Order FAM Family GEN Genus SP Species REF Reference number - This is my maintenance code for updates. NEWREF New Reference number - These are the refs numbers in the files REFS and SUMMARY. FAMLAB Family Label - An 8-character label for family. GENLAB Genus Label - An 8-character label for genus. SPLAB Species Label - An 8-character label for species. COD Species code - A 5-character code for the species. DISPCAT Disperser type category - BIRDS, MIXED, MAMMALS. DISP Disperser type - Finer categorization. Not yet completed. Needs revision. MEGAFAUNA Whether the fruit species is associated with dispersal of seeds by megafauna. AREA Geographic area - Major geographic areas of the data sources. MEurope: Mediterranean Europe (also includes Israel and Morocco. NEurope: Temperate and Northern Europe. NAmerica: North America, excl. Southern Mexico. NTAmerica: Neotropical America, incl. Southern Mexico. Africa: Africa, south of Sahara. Australasia: Australia, Malaysia, New Guinea, and whole SouthEast Asia. HABIT Growth habit - Tree, Shrub, Liana, Herb. FRUIT Fruit type - Type of fruit. Not completed yet. Needs revision. COLOR Fruit color - Black, Blue, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Brown, White COMPCOLOR Whether the fruit is monocolored, bicolored, or multicolored. LENG Fruit length (mm) DIAM Fruit diameter (mm) FRFM Fruit fresh mass (g) PDM Dry mass of pulp per fruit (g) SDM Dry mass of seed(s) per fruit (g) SEEDS Number of seeds per fruit SEEDM Seed dry mass (g) RY Relative yield of pulp (PDM/FRFM*100) KJG Specific energy content of pulp (kJ/g) KJFR Total energy content per fruit (kJ) PCW Percent water content of fruit LIP Proportion of lipids (per g dry pulp) PRO Proportion of protein (per g dry pulp) NSC Proportion of non-structural carbohydrates (per g dry pulp) ASH Proportion of minerals (per g dry pulp) FIB Proportion of acid-detergent fiber (per g dry pulp) ******************************************************************************* REFERENCE LIST. This is the literature list for references of data in the main FRUBASE data file. The number corresponds to the codes included in variable NEWREF of the data file. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Abrahamson, W.G. and C.R. Abrahamson. 1989. Nutritional quality of animal dispersed fruits in Florida sandridge habitats. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 116: 215-228. 2. Atramentowicz, M. 1988. La frugivorie opportuniste de trois marsupiaux didelphides de Guyane. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 43: 47-57. 3. Beehler, B. 1983. Frugivory and polygamy in birds of paradise. Auk 100: 1-12. 4. Crome, F.H.J. 1975. The ecology of fruit pigeons in tropical Northern Queensland. Aust. Wildl. Res. 2: 155-185. 5. Debussche, M., J. Cortez and I. Rimbault. 1987. Variation in fleshy fruit composition in the mediterranean region: the importance of ripening season, life-form, fruit type, and geographical distribution. Oikos 49: 244-252. 6. Denslow, J.S. 1987. Fruit removal rates from aggregated and isolated bushes of the red elderberry, Sambucus pubens. Can. J. Bot. 65: 1229-1235. 7. Dinerstein, E. 1986. Reproductive ecology of fruit bats and the seasonality of fruit production in a Costa Rican cloud forest. Biotropica 18: 307-318. 8. Dowsett-Lemaire, F. 1988. Fruit choice and seed dissemination by birds and mammals in the evergreen forests of Upland Malawi. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 43: 251-286. 9. Erard, C., M. Thery and D. Sabatier. 1989. Regime alimentaire de Rupicola rupicola (Cotingidae) en Guyane franaise. Relations avec la frugivorie et la zoochorie. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 44: 47-74. 10. Eriksson, O. and J. Ehrlen. 1991. Phenological variation in fruit characteristics in vertebrate-dispersed plants. Oecologia 86: 463-470. 11. Estrada, A., R. Coates-Estrada and C. Vazquez-Yanes. 1984. Observations on fruiting and dispersers of Cecropia obtusifolia at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biotropica 16: 315-318. 12. Foster, M.S. 1977. Ecological and nutritional effects of food scarcity on a tropical frugivorous bird and its fruit source. Ecology 58: 73-85. 13. Foster, M.S. and R.W. McDiarmid. 1983. Nutritional value of the aril of Trichilia cuneata, a bird-dispersed fruit. Biotropica 15: 26-31. 14. French, K. 1991. Characteristics and abundance of vertebrate-dispersed fruits in temperate wet sclerophyll forest in southeastern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 16: 1-13. 15. Frost, P.G.H. 1980. Fruit-frugivore interactions in a South African coastal dune forest. pp.: 1179-1184 in Editor. Acta XVII Cong. Int. Orn. 16. Godschalk, S.K.B. 1983. A biochemical analysis of the fruit of Tapinanthus leendertziae. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2: 42-45. 17. Herrera, C.M. 1987. Vertebrate-dispersed plants of the iberian peninsula: a study of fruit characteristics. Ecol. Monogr. 57: 305-331. 18. Hladik, A. and C.M. Hladik. 1969. Rapports trophiques entre vgetation et primates dans la fret de Barro Colorado (Panama). Terre Vie 23: 25-117. 19. Howe, H.F. 1981. Dispersal of neotropical nutmeg (Virola sebifera) by birds. Auk 98: 88-98. 20. Howe, H.F. and Kerckhove Vande G.A. 1981. Removal of wild nutmeg (Virola surinamensis) crops by birds. Ecology 62: 1093-1106. 21. Izhaki, I. and U.N. Safriel. 1989. Why are there so few exclusively frugivorous birds? Experiments on fruit digestibility. Oikos 54: 23-32. 22. Johnson, R.A., M.F. Willson, J.N. Thompson and R.I. Bertin. 1985. Nutritional values of wild fruits and consumption by migrant frugivorous birds. Ecology 66: 819-827. 23. Jordano, P. 1983. Fig-seed predation and dispersal by birds. Biotropica 15: 38-41. 24. Keeler-Wolf, T. 1988. Fruit and consumer differences in three species of trees shared by Trinidad and Tobago. Biotropica 20: 38-48. 25. Lambert, F. 1989. Fig-eating by birds in a Malaysian lowland rain forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 5: 401-412. 26. Levey, D.J. and W.H. Karasov. 1989. Digestive responses of temperate birds switched to fruit or insect diets. Auk 106: 675-686. 27. McDiarmid, R.W., R.E. Ricklefs and M.S. Foster. 1977. Dispersal of Stemmadennia donnell-smithii (Apocyanaceae) by birds. Biotropica 9: 9-25. 28. McPherson, J.M. 1987. A field study of winter fruit preferences of Cedar waxwings. Condor 89: 293-306. 29. Morrison, D.W. 1980. Efficiency of food utilization by fruit bats. Oecologia (Berl.) 45: 270-273. 30. Nagy, K.A. and K. Milton. 1979. Aspects of dietary quality, nutrient assimilation and water balance in wild howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata). Oecologia (Berl.) 39: 249-258. 31. O'Dowd, D.J. and P.S. Lake. 1991. Red crabs in rain forest, Christmas Island: removal and fate of fruits and seeds. J. Trop. Ecol. 7: 113-122. 32. Pannell, C.M. and M.J. Koziol. 1987. Ecological and phytochemical diversity of arillate seeds in Aglaia (Meliaceae): a study of vertebrate dispersal in tropical trees. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 316: 303-333. 33. Piper, J.K. 1986. Seasonality of fruit characters and seed removal by birds. Oikos 46: 303-310. 34. Restrepo, C. 1987. Aspectos ecolgicos de la diseminacin de cinco especies de murdagos por aves. Humboldtia 1: 65-116. 35. Rogers, M.E., F. Maisels, E.A. Williamson, M. Fernndez and C.E.G. Tutin. 1990. Gorilla diet in the Lop Reserve, Gabon: a nutritional analysis. Oecologia (Berl.) 84: 326-339. 36. Sherburne, J.A. 1972. Effects of seasonal changes in the abundance and chemistry of the fleshy fruits of northeastern woody shrubs on patterns of exploitation by frugivorous birds. Ph. D. Thesis, Cornell Univ. 157 pp. 37. Snow, B.K. 1977. Territorial behavior and courtship of the male three- wattled bellbird. Auk 94: 623-645. 38. Snow, B.K. 1979. The oilbirds of Los Tayos. Wilson Bull. 91: 457-461. 39. Snow, D.W. 1962. The natural history of the Oilbird, Steatornis caripensis, in Trinidad, W.I. Part 2. Population, breeding ecology and food. Zoologica 47: 199-221. 40. Snow, D.W. 1981. Tropical frugivorous birds and their food plants: a world survey. Biotropica 13: 1-14. 41. Sourd, C. and A. Gauthier-Hion. 1986. Fruit selection by a forest guenon. J. Anim. Ecol. 55: 235-244. 42. Thomas, D.W. 1984. Fruit intake and energy budgets of frugivorous bats. Physiol. Zool. 57: 457-467. 43. Viljoen, S. 1983. Feeding habits and comparative feeding rates of three Southern African arboreal squirrels. S. Afr. J. Zool. 18: 378-387. 44. Walsberg, G.E. 1975. Digestive adaptations of Phainopepla nitens associated with the eating of mistletoe berries. Condor 77: 169-174. 45. Wheelwright, N.T., W.A. Haber, K.G. Murray and C. Guindon. 1984. Tropical fruit-eating birds and their food plants: a survey of a Costa Rican lower montane forest. Biotropica 16: 173-192. 46. White, S.C. 1974. Ecological aspects of growth and nutrition in tropical fruit-eating birds. Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. of Pennsylvania. 145 pp. 47. Williams, C.K. 1982. Nutritional properties of some fruits eaten by the possum Trichosurus vulpecula in a new zealand broadleaf-podocarp forest. New Zealand J. Ecol. 5: 16-20. 48. Worthington, A.H. 1989. Adaptations for avian frugivory: assimilation efficiency and gut transit time of Manacus vitellinus and Pipra mentalis. Oecologia (Berl.) 80: 381-389. 49. Herrera, C.M. and P. Jordano, unpublished data. 50. Pedro Jordano, unpublished data. ********************************* CONTACTING ********************************** Contact me at: Pedro Jordano Departamento de Biologa Evolutiva Estacin Biologica de Donana, CSIC Pabelln del Peru, Avda. M. Luisa, S/N 41013 Sevilla, Spain Phone: +34 95 4232340 ext 213 (voice) +34 95 4621125 (fax) +34 95 4270463 (home, voice) e-mail: jordano@ebd.csic.es ***************************** ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ******************************** This data base is the result of many hours of work compiling names and numbers from a very sparse literature. I've benefited from the help of Myriam Marquez, Alicia Prieto and Roco Requerey, who aided carefully with data checking several times. Carlos M. Herrera helped with unpublished data and by providing literature sources; his advice and comments were always invaluable. F.H.J. Crome also provided his original data just at the start of this project. Computer time and facilities were kindly provided by the Centro de Informatica Cientifica de Andalucia. Financial support was from the Spanish Direccion General de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica, projects PB-87-0452 and PB-91-0114. ********************************** HISTORY ************************************ version 1.- 16 April 1983. Only 219 species. version 1.5 - 23 December 1991. Added many species with information on fruit size only and completed the literature survey up to 1991. version 1.9 - 4 May 1994. Prepared the first version of this package. Recoding of the reference numbers to accomodate the inclusion of the appendix. version 2.0 - 12 January 1995. Added the SUMMARY file and minor changes to this file. version 3.0 - A major update to the dataset, adding new variables such as fruit color, growth habit, etc. Major addition of species. Started revision 12 Feb 2003. version 4.0 - A major update to the dataset, with revision of the taxonomic arrangement according to: Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 8, June 2007. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/. This scheme follows: A.P.G. [= Angiosperm Phylogeny Group] II. 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 141: 399-436. Revision completed 25 November 2007. ******************************************************************************* Best wishes, and happy computing! pedro